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How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic by Madsen Pirie
Introduction
Sound reasoning is the basis of winning at argument. Logical fallacies undermine arguments. They are a source of enduring fascination and have been studied for at least two-and-a-half millennia. Knowledge of them is useful, both to avoid those used inadvertently by others and even to use a few with intent to deceive. The fascination and the usefulness which they impart, however, should not be allowed to conceal the pleasure which identifying them can give.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Abusive analogy
Accent
Accident
Affirming the consequent
Amphiboly
Analogical fallcy
Antiquitam, argumentum ad
Apriorism
Baculum, argumentum ad
Bifurcation
Blinding with science
The bogus dilemma
Circulus in probando
The complex question (plurium
interrogation)
Composition
Concealed quantification
The conclusion which denies premises
Contradictory premises
Crumenam, argumentum ad
Cum hoc ergo propter hoc
Damning the alternatives
Definitional retreat
Denying the antecedent
Dicto simpliciter
Division
Emotional appeals
Equivocation
Every schoolboy knows
The exception that proves the
rule
Exclusive premises
The existential fallacy
Ex-post-facto statistics
Extensional pruning
False conversion
False precision
The gambler's fallacy
The genetic fallacy
Half-concealed qualification
Hedging
Hominem (abusive), argumentum ad
Hominem (circumstantial),
argumentum ad
Ignorantiam, argumentum ad
Ignorant elenchi
Illicit process
Irrelevant humor
Lapidem, argumentum ad
Lazarus, argumentum ad
Loaded words
Misericordia, argumentum ad
Nauseam, argumentum ad
Non-anticipation
Novitam, argumentum ad
Numeral, argumentum ad
One-sided assessment
Petitio principii
Poisoning the well
Populum, argumentum ad
The positive conclusion from negative
premise
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Quaternion terminorum
The red herring
Refuting the example
Reification
The runaway train
Secundum quid
Shifting ground
Shifting the burden of proof
The slippery slope
Special pleading
The straw man
Temperantiam, argumentum ad
Thatcher's blame
Trivial objections
Tu quoque
Unaccepted enthymemes
The undistributed middle
Unobtainable perfection
Verecundiam, argumentum ad
Wishful thinking
Classification of fallacies
There are five broad categories into which fallacies fall. The most important division is between the formal fallacies and the informal ones, although there are important distinctions between the various types of informal fallacy.
1. formal
2. informal (linguistic)
3. informal (relevance - omission)
4. informal (relevance - intrusion)
5. informal (relevance - presumption)
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